Development of a Random Time-Frequency Access Protocol for M2M Communication

This thesis focuses on the design and development of the random time-frequency access protocol in Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication systems and covers different aspects of the data collision problem in these systems. The randomisation algorithm, used to access channels in the frequency domain, represents the key factor that affects data collisions. This thesis presents a new randomisation algorithm for the channel selection process for M2M technologies. The new algorithm is based on a uniform randomisation distribution and is called the Uniform Randomisation Channel Selection Technique (URCST). This new channel selection algorithm improves system performance and provides a low probability of collision with minimum complexity, power consumption, and hardware resources. Also, URCST is a general randomisation technique which can be utilised by different M2M technologies. The analysis presented in this research confirms that using URCST improves system performance for different M2M technologies, such as Weightless-N and Sigfox, with a massive number of devices. The thesis also provides a rigorous and flexible mathematical model for the random time-frequency access protocol which can precisely describe the performance of different M2M technologies. This model covers various scenarios with multiple groups of devices that employ different transmission characteristics like the number of connected devices, the number of message copies, the number of channels, the payload size, and transmission time. In addition, new and robust simulation testbeds have been built and developed in this research to evaluate the performance of different M2M technologies that utilise the random time-frequency access protocol. These testbeds cover the channel histogram, the probability of collisions, and the mathematical model. The testbeds were designed to support the multiple message copies approach with various groups of devices that are connected to the same base station and employ different transmission characteristics. Utilising the newly developed channel selection algorithm, mathematical model, and testbeds, the research offers a detailed and thorough analysis of the performance of Weightless-N and Sigfox in terms of the message lost ratio (MLR) and power consumption. The analysis shows some useful insights into the performance of M2M systems. For instance, while using multiple message copies improves the system performance, it might degrade the reliability of the system as the number of devices increases beyond a specific limit. Therefore, increasing the number of message copies can be disadvantageous to M2M communication performance

Effect of Supplementing Molybdenum, Molybdenum and Sulphur, and Zinc on Mineral Excretion of Sheep Fed with Palm Kernel Cake

Feeding high levels of palm kernel cake (PKC) has been reported to cause copper (Cu) toxicity in sheep. The degree of Cu toxicity is generally dependent on type of sheep breed, the form of Cu in the diets, feeding duration and interaction of Cu with other nutrients. This study was specifically camed out to investigate the effect of molybdenum (Mo), sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn) supplementation on the balance of minerals and to relate the findings with the degree of toxicity in Santa In& x Malin crossbred sheep. Twenty male Santa In& x Malin crossbred sheep from 8 months to 1 year of age were divided randomly into 4 groups. The animals were fed the following diets over the 6 months experimental period, PKC (86.2%); guinea grass hay (10%) supplemented with 30 ppm Mo (diet Mo), 20 ppm Mo +lo00 ppm S (diet Mo+S), . 500 ppm Zn (diet Zn) and the control without supplementation (diet Control). Faecal and urine samples were collected during the digestibility trial for mineral analysis. Mineral contents were also analyzed in blood plasma samples throughout the experiment period as well as from liver, kidney, pancreas and bile collected at slaughter. Mo+S or Mo alone and Zn treatments were observed to reduce the Cu level in the liver, kidney, pancreas and bile of the sheep. But Mo+S is more effective in reducing Cu from those tissues, especially the liver. Plasma minerals results showed that both Zn and Mo+S treatments were more effective in reducing Cu, Fe and Mg levels over time. Based on the results of this study, the hepatic Cu content was found to be higher in control group compared with other treatments. However, Mo+S treatment was found to be more effective in controlling and lowering Cu levels. There were significant effect of dietary supplement of Mo+S, Mo and Zn in increasing the loss of endogenous Cu from the body via faeces and urine

The Principle of Independence of Multiple Bank Accounts for A Single Client and its Effects in Cases of Bankruptcy and Seizure

The multiplicity of bank accounts for a single client is a phenomenon observed in most countries, often stemming from financial crises faced by banks. Whether the client is an individual or a legal entity, they have the right to open multiple bank accounts, either within one bank, or across several branches of the same bank, or even in different banks. This gives rise to legal implications. Having multiple bank accounts across different banks generally does not pose any legal issues due to the legal independence of these accounts. However, challenges may arise when opening multiple accounts with the same bank or its branches. Each account is subject to specific rules governing its operation, suspension, and associated transactions. Consequently, there is a variation in the financial returns of these accounts based on their independence, leading to legal implications such as seizure and client bankruptcy. If a client goes bankrupt and has both creditor and debtor accounts, the bank pays the creditor balance in the creditor account to the bankruptcy estate. The bank is treated as a debtor with the debtor account balance and is subject to the division of creditors. This means that the bank cannot offset the creditor side of one account against the debtor side of another account opened by the same client. Moreover, according to the principle of independence, if one of the client's accounts in a bank or its branches is seized, it does not affect other accounts, and the seizure does not extend to them. This is in contrast to situations lacking independence

Legal Protection for the Passenger in the Field of Air Transport

Through this study, we are trying to address the most important features of the air transport contract in terms of  the legal protection for the traveler and what internal laws adopted in the wake of international agreements that focused on that protection, in accordance with the importance the air transport contract represents in contemporary times and the fast, easy and safe alternative it has become to land and sea transport. We divided that study into two sections. In the first section, we addressed the incidents that could occur during the implementation of an air transport contract, whether air accidents or air piracy operations. In the second section, we discussed the legal protection of the traveler in the field of air transport and the liability resulting from breaching it, and we explained the legal protection in Internal laws and the search, rescue and investigation carried out by the competent local authorities in air accidents and their consequences on the traveler’s right to compensation when an accident or imminent danger occurs, as well as a statement of the legal liability resulting from a breach of the traveler’s legal protection in the field of air transport from By explaining the nature and types of this responsibility, we concluded the research with some conclusions and proposals, trying as much as possible to become familiar with the subject of the study. We hope that the Iraqi legal development in air transport will follow the lines of the legislation that surrounds us, in line with the technical and technical development of means of transport and the importance and volume of trade represented by air transport and reliance on it in all matters. Continents of the world today

A new channel selection algorithm for the Weightless-N Frequency Hopping with lower collision probability

There are different techniques used by Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications technologies to mitigate collision problem and data loss. One of these techniques is Frequency Hopping (FH), which is used by Weightless-N technology with a special random channel selection algorithm. In such a system, the probability of a message collision mainly depends on the randomisation algorithm used to access channels. This paper provides a novel randomisation algorithm for the channel selection process of the Weightless-N system. The new proposed algorithm is based on a uniform randomisation distribution and called a Uniform Randomisation Channel Selection Technique (URCST). This new algorithm provides a better system performance and lower probability of collision. In addition, it is faster and easier than the Mersenne Twister algorithm

Brain Stroke Detection Using ANN Based On EEG Signals Using CNN ‎Path

تحدث السكتة الدماغية بسبب انسداد في الشريان الذي ينقل الدم المؤكسج إلى الدماغ. السكتة الدماغية الحادة هي السكتة الدماغية الأكثر شيوعًا. يمكن أن يكون الاكتشاف المبكر للسكتة الدماغية منقذاً لحياة المرضى. تخطيط كهربية الدماغ هو تقنية لتحليل الأنشطة الكهربائية الموجودة في الأجزاء المختلفة من الدماغ البشري، وباستخدام التتبع البصري، فإنه يسجل هذه الأنشطة. يوفر EEG قياسات فعالة من حيث التكلفة ومحمولة وعالية التردد ودقيقة مقارنة بأدوات مراقبة نشاط الموجات الدماغية الأخرى. يستخدم مخطط كهربية الدماغ لتشخيص متلازمة حساسية الاندروجين. في البحث المقترح، تم تطبيق الشبكة العصبية التلافيفية لتصنيف شدة السكتة الدماغية. في هذه الخوارزمية ، يتم حساب الكثافة الطيفية للطاقة (PSD) لإشارات مخطط كهربية الدماغ بناءً على الميزات المستخرجة من الشبكة العصبية الاصطناعية. ثم تم تدريب خريطة المعالم لتصنيف البيانات إلى أربع حالات بناءً على شدة السكتة الدماغية. بالنسبة لتحليل الأداء، تتم مقارنة الخوارزمية المقترحة مع الخوارزميات الموجودة، ويلاحظ أن دقة الخوارزمية المقترحة هي 98.3٪، وهي أفضل من الخوارزمية الموجودة للكشف عن السكتة الدماغية.Brain stroke occurs because of a blockage in the artery, which delivers oxygenated blood to the brain. Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) is mostly occurred brain stroke. Early detection of brain stroke can be life-saving for patients. Electroencephalography is a technique to analyze electrical activities present in the different parts of the human brain, and using visual trace, it records these activities. EEG provides cost-effective, portable, high-frequency and accurate measurement as compared to other brain wave activity monitoring tools. EEG is used to diagnose AIS. In the proposed research, the convolutional neural network is applied for the classification of stroke severity. In this algorithm, the power spectral density (PSD) of EEG signals is calculated based on the extracted features from the artificial neural network. The feature map was then trained to classify the data into four instances based on the severity of the brain stroke. The effectiveness of the suggested algorithm is examined by comparing it with several similar algorithms., and it is observed that the accuracy of the proposed algorithm is 98.3% and which is better than the existing algorithm for brain stroke detection

E-Learning And Instructional Management System Based On Local Computer Networks And Internet

This article describes the educational efforts invested at Wasit University (WU), in Wasit, Iraq, in order to make WU the first university in that country to implement campus-wide e-learning, which is essential for any country aiming for progress through the essential goal of “Education For All”; e-learning being economic, far-reaching, and relatively simple to implement. These efforts have materialized in an integral e-system that performs and manages a complete educational process that can be used by any educational organization (schools, colleges, or continuing education centers) in a highly flexible, reliable, and secure manner. The e-learning management system architecture consists of three layers: user’s interface layer, middle layer, and server layer. The user interface layer is composed of four modules: user interface module, teacher module, student module, and administrator module. Each module has several sub-modules that are described in detail throughout the paper. Our proposed e-learning system has been successfully tested on some courses in the Electrical Engineering Department at WU. Our primary objective is to implement it department-wide, evaluate it, and refine it. Once satisfactory and efficient, the goal is to expand its use throughout WU, and eventually to all other institutions of learning in Iraq

Nutrient digestibility of mulberry leaves (Morus alba)

The current study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of mulberry (Morus alba) leaf meal (MLM) and its nutritive value as a feed ingredient. Fifteen layer and fifteen broiler chickens were used in the digestibility trial. The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, fat (EE), crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and gross energy (GE) content of MLM were analyzed. The precision-feeding technique was applied to feed the birds 30 g/kg DM of MLM. The results showed that MLM contained a high content of CP (29.8%), Ca (2.73%) and NDF (35.77%). Layers and broilers chicken could utilize 73% and 72% of CP, respectively, in MLM. The nutrient digestibility of DM and NDF was higher in layers than in broilers. No significant effect was observed in ME and other nutrient digestibility between the two classes of fowls. In general, the incorporation of MLM into the chickens' diet could be a good source of protein despite its high fibre content

Scheduling process for the M2M communications system in smart cites

The development of Machine-to-Machine communications systems has been increasing recently, especially considering that they have a wide range of applications in smart cities and the Internet of Things (IoT). However, with the massive number of connected devices in such applications, the problem of message collision becomes a vital factor that significantly affects the reliability of the M2M systems. The research project employs the Weightless-N type M2M communications technology as a case study to focus on the collision problem and to develop an improved scheduling process to mitigate this problem. The Weightless-N utilises a special technique to send multi-copies of the message on different frequencies, which increases the probability of receiving the message correctly. A better performance has been achieved by developing a new frequency selection process, which provides a lower number of collisions than the standard technique for the same number of message copies